Joint Russian-American hydrogeological-geochemical studies of the Karachai-Mishelyak system, South Urals, Russia     

E. G. Drozhko  Y. U. Glagolenko  Y. G. Mokrov  G. A. Postovalova  L. M. Samsonova  A. V. Glagolev  S. A. Ter-Saakian  M. L. Glinsky  N. A. Vasil'kova  A. V. Skokov  H. A. Wollenberg  C.-F. Tsang  W. Frangos  R. D. Solbau  K. A. Stevenson  W. M. Lowder  M. G. Foley 《Environmental Geology》1997,29(3-4):216-227

 In September 1994, a Russian-American team conducted hydrogeological, geochemical, geophysical, and radiometric measurements in the territory of the Mayak Production Association, Russia. The primary purpose of these operations was to examine the frontal area of a radioelement- and nitrate-laden groundwater plume moving from the disposal site, Lake Karachai, toward the Mishelyak River. Activities encompassed (1) isolation of hydrologic intervals in two wells and production of water from these intervals, to compare isolated versus open-well sampling methods and to determine hydraulic transmissivities of the aquifer(s); (2) surface and soil-water sampling, accompanying radiometric measurements and subsequent chemical analyses; and (3) electrical resistivity profiling in areas of expected contrasting resistivity. Preliminary results indicate that (1) ⁶⁰Co, ¹³⁷Cs, and ⁹⁰Sr are present in small concentrations (∼0.1% of permissible levels) in water of the Mishelyak River; (2) analyses of water samples collected by a downhole sampler and of water produced from packed-off intervals agree within limits of laboratory accuracy, attesting to the efficacy of the sampling methods presently used by the Russian workers; (3) considerable differences in contaminant concentrations exist between nearby wells, supporting the concept that the plume from Lake Karachai toward the Mishelyak River is controlled by steeply dipping fractures and shear zones; and (4) strong contrasts occur between the electrical resistivities of soil and bedrock. Further collaborative work is strongly recommended and should include more detailed isolation of intervals in wells by multi-packer installations, to better determine the geochemical and hydrological characteristics of the Karachai-Mishelyak system; deployment of a broader soil water and soil sampling array; a more detailed examination of the distribution and concentration of radionuclides by high-resolution field gamma spectrometry; and a detailing of the area's electrical resistivity setting, using a mobile electromagnetic measurement system. Received: 22 January 1996 · Accepted: 1 April 1996  相似文献   

风蚀影响因子的敏感性试验   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

李万源  沈志宝  吕世华  李耀辉 《中国沙漠》2007,27(6):984-993

 对风蚀模式的各重要影响因子进行了敏感性试验，结果表明：①随风力的增大，跃动沙粒的粒径范围迅速增大，从而会使更多、更大的尘粒因受到更强烈的撞击作用而释放于空中。但随土壤水分和植被覆盖度的增加，跃动沙粒粒径范围会变窄，较大的粒子很难被激发到空中。②各种土壤沙流通量及尘粒释放率随粒径的变化趋势Q(d)和F(d)与相应的地表土壤有效粒度分布Ps(d)具有相似的特征，说明前人用近地层沙尘粒度分布来代表地表土壤的有效粒度分布是合理的。③若以总沙流通量Q>0.5 g·m^-1·s^-1为风蚀过程开始发生的标准，在干燥、裸露的情况下，沙土、沙壤土、壤土、黏土和粉黏土表面发生风蚀的临界摩擦速度都约为0.3 m·s^-1。相同风力条件下（u*=0.6 m·s^-1），若地表干燥（w=0）并忽略小于0.1 g·m^-1·s^-1的总沙流通量，则抑制5种土壤发生风蚀的最小植被覆盖度分别约为：沙土0.35、沙壤土0.45、壤土0.45、黏土0.55、粉黏土0.55；若地表裸露，抑制风蚀发生的最小水分含量分别为：沙土0.15、沙壤土0.18、壤土0.3、黏土0.36和粉黏土0.33。④通常情况下沙土最不易起尘，它在各个粒径的尘粒释放率比其他土壤均约小3~5个量级。粉黏土最易起尘，且粒径较小，较容易传输到下游很远处。⑤总尘粒释放率F和总沙流通量Q随风力、地表条件的变化一般是同相的，即Q增大，F也会增大。⑥一般情况下F随摩擦速度u*的增大或植被覆盖度cf和土壤水分w的减小而增大；土壤拖曳系数sx和弹性压力垂直分量pye的增加会大大降低尘粒释放率。⑦通常风蚀情况下，5种土壤中粉黏土和沙壤土因聚合粒子破碎产生的尘粒释放率Fc最大，Fc随风力、地表条件变化的敏感度也最强；沙土的Fc最小，其对风力、地表条件的敏感度也最弱。  相似文献   

Palaeomagnetism of greigite bearing sediments from the Dead Sea, Israel     

U. Frank  N. R. Nowaczyk  J. F. W. Negendank 《Geophysical Journal International》2007,168(3):904-920

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EPR evidence for maghemitization of magnetite in a tropical soil   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

H. Fischer  J. Luster  A. U. Gehring 《Geophysical Journal International》2007,169(3):909-916

Electron paramagnetic spectroscopy (EPR) was used in combination with standard rock magnetic methods to study magnetic minerals in a tropical soil. The susceptibility and hysteresis measurements showed magnetite grains with a Curie temperature near 850 K as the dominant magnetic remanence carriers in the soil. A minor Ti content in the magnetite was found by energy dispersive X-ray analysis. In order to get insight into the weathering status of the magnetite, different chemical treatments, including oxalate and citrate–bicarbonate–dithionite (CBD) extraction, were applied to the soil samples. The hysteretic properties exhibited no significant differences between the untreated and the CBD or oxalate treated samples. By contrast, the comparison of the EPR spectra revealed a significant broadening of the linewidth (δB) and a shift of the g -values ( g _eff) to lower fields after the CBD treatment. Furthermore, the spectral parameters g _eff and δB exhibited an angular dependence. At low temperature, the CBD treated samples showed a jump in δB between 120 and 100 K, the temperature range characteristic for the Verwey transition in magnetite. The changes in the spectral properties after the CBD treatment, which dissolves ferric oxides, were attributed to the removal of maghemite formed by the oxidation of magnetite, that is, during the maghemitization of the magnetite grains.  相似文献   

The dynamics of magnetic ordering in a natural hemo-ilmenite solid solution     

A. U. Gehring  H. Fischer  E. Schill  J. Granwehr  J. Luster 《Geophysical Journal International》2007,169(3):917-925

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河南省义马县中侏罗统义马组兽脚类恐龙足印化石的发现及其意义   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

吕君昌  张兴辽  贾松海  胡卫勇  吴炎华  季强 《地质学报》2007,81(4):439-445

本文记述了河南省义马县中侏罗世地层中首次发现的大型兽脚类恐龙足印。该足印虽然与发现于下—中侏罗统的张北足印类似,但是又不完全相同,从而命名为该属的一新种:徐氏张北足印(新足迹种):Changpeipus xuianainchnosp. nov.。它具有以下特征:足印的长度与宽度的比率约为1.9,第Ⅱ趾长度稍短于第Ⅳ趾的长度;第Ⅱ和第Ⅲ趾之间的夹角约为25°;第Ⅲ和第Ⅳ趾之间的夹角约为32°,足印的后部具有蹠骨所留下的印痕。徐氏张北足印的发现,不仅为我国中侏罗世恐龙足印增加了新的成员,而且为将来在该地区中侏罗世的地层中发现大型兽脚类恐龙骨骼化石提供确凿的依据。  相似文献   

塔里木盆地塔北隆起碳酸盐岩油气成藏特点   总被引：19，自引：1，他引：19       下载免费PDF全文

吕修祥周新源  李建交王清华 杨宁 《地质学报》2007,81(8):1057-1064

塔北隆起自早古生代以来经历了长期的挤压隆升剥蚀过程,结合寒武系膏盐的塑性上拱,形成了两种基本的碳酸盐岩圈闭类型,即风化壳潜山和内幕背斜圈闭。塔北隆起南临古生代满加尔凹陷、北临中新生代库车坳陷,具有捕获南北两侧海陆两相油气来源的条件,经历了海西期、燕山期和喜马拉雅山期3期成藏。储集空间主要靠溶蚀孔洞和裂缝。石炭系中—上泥岩段和白垩系卡普沙良群泥岩两套区域性盖层对碳酸盐岩风化壳潜山油气聚集起着至关重要的作用。不整合面和断裂是控制塔北隆起油气成藏的两个最关键的因素,不整合面既控制着岩溶储层的发育分布又是油气侧向运移的优势通道;断裂活动形成破碎带、裂缝带进而改善储层性能,同时断裂也是油气垂向运移的优势通道。  相似文献   

Origin of high field strength element enrichment in volcanic arcs: Geochemical evidence from the Sulu Arc, southern Philippines   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

P.R. Castillo  S.J. Rigby  R.U. Solidum   《Lithos》2007,97(3-4):271-288

Lavas from the Sulu Arc, southern Philippines, exhibit an enrichment in high field strength elements (HFSE) that represents a departure from the typical volcanic arc geochemical signature. It has been postulated that this relative enrichment arises from metasomatism of mantle wedge peridotites by melts derived from the subducting oceanic lithosphere, through formation of amphibole which subsequently breaks down and enriches the mantle source of parental arc magmas in HFSE. Divergent chemical and isotopic characteristics between Sulu Arc HFSE-enriched lavas and the Sulu Sea crust being subducted—the presumed source of slab-derived melts—render it unlikely, however, that HFSE enrichment arises from the influence of such melts. New geochemical data suggest that the varying degrees of HFSE enrichment in Sulu Arc lavas are instead the result of variable amounts of mixing between enriched and depleted mantle end-components—the sources of South China Sea intraplate lavas and Sulu seafloor basalts, respectively—within a compositionally heterogeneous mantle wedge.  相似文献   

Simulation of rain-bearing summer monsoon systems along the west coast of India by use of ARMEX re-analysis     

M. Das Gupta  P. K. Pradhan  Someshwar Das  U. C. Mohanty 《Natural Hazards》2007,42(2):379-390

Re-analysis, using surface, upper-air, and satellite observations specially collected during the Arabian Sea Monsoon Experiment-I (ARMEX-I), has been performed with a global data assimilation system at T-80/L18 resolution. Re-analysis was performed for the entire ARMEX-I period (15th June–16th August 2002). In this paper we discuss the results based on re-analysis and subsequent forecasts for two successive intensive observation periods associated with heavy rainfall along the west coast of India during 2–12 August, 2002. Results indicate that the re-analysed fields can bring out better synoptic features, for example troughs along the west coast and mid tropospheric circulation over the Arabian Sea. Simulated rainfall distribution using re-analysis as initial condition also matches observed rainfall better than data from the initial analysis.  相似文献   

Sea-breeze-initiated rainfall over the east coast of India during the Indian southwest monsoon   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Matthew Simpson  Hari Warrior  Sethu Raman  P. A. Aswathanarayana  U. C. Mohanty  R. Suresh 《Natural Hazards》2007,42(2):401-413

Sea-breeze-initiated convection and precipitation have been investigated along the east coast of India during the Indian southwest monsoon season. Sea-breeze circulation was observed on approximately 70–80% of days during the summer months (June–August) along the Chennai coast. Average sea-breeze wind speeds are greater at rural locations than in the urban region of Chennai. Sea-breeze circulation was shown to be the dominant mechanism initiating rainfall during the Indian southwest monsoon season. Approximately 80% of the total rainfall observed during the southwest monsoon over Chennai is directly related to convection initiated by sea-breeze circulation.  相似文献